Plasmapheresis consists of taking blood from a subject, with immediate separation of the liquid component from the corpuscular component (red blood cells, white blood cells and thrombocytes); all thanks to the help of an automated mechanical separator, which divides the two components through centrifugation. During plasmapheresis, therefore, only the liquid part of the blood (plasma)…
Petechiae are microhematomas less than 3 mm in size, the result of blood leaking from small blood ducts (capillaries). These are small punctate hemorrhages which, together with purpura and ecchymoses, represent superficial bleeding in the skin or mucous membranes, without external emission of blood. Petechiae can be induced by trauma or minor bruising, or be…
Generality Acute leukemia tends to become severe quickly and therefore needs to be treated as soon as possible. If left untreated, the disease is fatal. The therapeutic goal is to achieve regression of leukemic cells (remission) and normalization of blood values. Achieving these conditions is not always possible. The therapy lasts several months and requires…
Estrogen-dependent are defined as all those forms of cancer whose onset and growth is promoted or in any case favored by the presence of estrogen hormones. In particular, some forms of estrogen dependent tumors include: breast cancer cancer of the uterine endometrium (the outermost layer of the uterus) ovarian cancer Hormone dependence is established by looking for the…
Cervical mucus is a heterogeneous secretion, which normally acts as a sort of “biological filter”, opposing the entry of vaginal bacterial flora into the uterus and performing functions similar to those of the seminal fluid : keeping the spermatozoa viable and facilitating their journey towards the upper portion of the female reproductive system. In a typical menstrual cycle , this fluid varies in consistency and…
Menstrual cycle disturbances include amenorrhea , dysfunctional uterine bleeding, dysmenorrhea , and premenstrual syndrome . Irregular or absent periods and vaginal bleeding of non-menstrual origin can have many causes, but pregnancy should always be suspected in women of childbearing potential. Possible Causes Of Menstrual Cycle Alterations Menstrual cycle disturbances are a common or probable symptom of these diseases Common Causes Acromegaly Endometrial cancer Hemorrhagic corpus luteum Uterine…
The asthmatic crisis can be defined as a sudden worsening of asthma symptoms , which arise in a rather intense manner causing significant breathing difficulties . Asthma attacks are linked to the contraction of the muscles that form the wall of the bronchi and the consequent reduction of the space where air circulates (bronchoconstriction); furthermore, the inside of the bronchi swells and becomes inflamed, producing thick…
A distinctive – albeit not exclusive – sign of perforating thoracic trauma, hemothorax is defined as any spillage of blood into the pleural cavity. Hemothorax constitutes a medical emergency in all respects: considering that the resulting clinical picture is often marked by a state of shock, it is clear that hemothorax constitutes a high risk for the survival…
Dysmenorrhea is uterine pain that occurs a few days before the start of menstruation . It represents one of the most common symptoms of premenstrual syndrome , therefore it can be associated with headaches , nausea, constipation or diarrhea and low back pain . Typically, dysmenorrhea reaches its maximum intensity 24 hours after the onset of the menstrual flow and can last for 2-3 days. It manifests itself as intense pain in the lower abdomen ; it is usually…
Painful menstruation that is accentuated during, and especially at the end of, the menstrual flow.Late dysmenorrhea ( also known as “secondary dysmenorrhea) is a specific type of dysmenorrhea characterized by being the result of a diagnosable pathology . It manifests itself with continuous pelvic pain localized in the lower part of the abdomen which appears late (a few years after menarche) and generally reduces with the onset of menstrual flow. Among…
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